Modern Art And Digitalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Present day Art And Digitalization - Essay Example In any case, 21st century is the period of digitalization where innovation is changing everything from culture to individuals into computerized pictures. The production of work of art was a first class task; in any case, the advanced programming presently permits even non-experts to make their fine art inside barely any snaps that has been a huge social impact of digitalization of workmanship in the society.However, 21st century is the time of digitalization where innovation is changing everything from culture to individuals into computerized pictures. The formation of work of art was a tip top undertaking; in any case, the advanced programming presently permits even non-experts to make their craftsmanship inside not many snaps that has been a huge social impact of digitalization of workmanship in the general public. A portion of the apparent types of digitalization are Windows Movie Maker, Windows Media Player, Facebook, YouTube, and countless innovations that urge clients to make t heir own fine arts, and along these lines, it has now become a significant wellspring of articulation for individuals around the world. It has now gotten extremely basic for specialists to research and investigate various elements identified with digitalization that is influencing craftsmanship in a critical way socially, just as socially. In such manner, this paper will endeavor to recognize the job of innovation in digitalizing the field of craftsmanship and its consequences for the makers, clients, and the crowd globally.It is expectation that discoveries and conversations of this paper will give a thorough comprehension of the individuals with respect to the commitment, just as the effect of computerized advances in our lives, and the job that it can play later on. Specifically, the paper will talk about the foundation of the workmanship and its developments during various periods, and the social effect of craftsmanship developments. Finally, the paper will investigate the job o f craftsmanship in the contemporary time of innovation and its effect on our lives.

Case Study On It Management Lure Pedophiles

Question: There have been cases including sting activities to capture pedophiles. While numerous individuals concur that these sting activities are important, others may contend that these could be delegated entanglement and ought not be utilized. For this conversation: 1. Do you accept that sting tasks ought to be utilized to draw pedophiles? Are there different techniques that could be utilized to shield kids from these predators? Clarify your answer. 2. Investigating You have been employed as a framework overseer to deal with the everyday issues of a nearby private company. You have to comprehend essential investigating strategies. In this conversation, answer the accompanying inquiries: What are some normal investigating steps? What is the boot procedure of a run of the mill PC? What BIOS codes are useful with investigating PC issues? What are some normal issue with hard drives? Answer: Do you accept that sting tasks ought to be utilized to draw pedophiles? Pedophiles are one sort of sexual sickness which occurred in individuals' life due confusion of sexual life. Pedophiles live like a normal individual, however they are explicitly pulled in to kids. What's more, meanwhile, they become dependent with childern of their own or nebgherhood. The pedophiles not just mishandled kids by lewd behavior they likewise ruin their life. In the condition of US sting activity named Broken Heart is set to catch those guilty parties (California specialists capture 275 youngster predators, 2014). US Sherif used to bait the pedophiles by circulating youngster pornography over the web, so the individuals with sexual confusion step towards the Sherif's association. So the facts confirm that US Department attracted the pedophiles by promoting youngster erotic entertainment over the web. Different strategies to stop pedophiles Kids cerebrums have less multifaceted nature than any older folks. They basically judge individuals by their signal, figure, and articulation. So guardians need to encourage their youngsters about what is acceptable and what is terrible with the goal that they can't be pulled in by the malicious people groups (How to Protect your Children from Pedophiles | MoCHIP, 2016). Guardians additionally need to follow their youngsters movement with the goal that they can know about anything unnatural happened to their kid. What are some normal investigating steps? The regular activity which is essentially expected to a post to investigate fundamental issues like moderate web speed, slow PC, or infection issues. For web sped people groups need to stop their superfluous downloads or transfer. A moderate PC can accelerate by halting undesirable foundation programming execution. What is the boot procedure of a run of the mill PC? The boot procedure of a run of the mill PC drives out in some indispensable stages. In the wake of giving force flexibly to a PC, it plays out a motherboard seller characterized test which is named as POST or force on individual test and after this procedure boot loader is actuated to send the working framework center utilitarian module. What BIOS codes are useful with investigating PC issues? PCs BIOS code are spoken to in a discernible configuration which is spoken to by some blare sounds. A portion of these signal sounds are indicated beneath Single blare sound is utilized to depict any mistake identified with DRAM refreshment. Twofold blare sound is utilized to show the disappointments in Parity circuit. Multiple times blare sound is utilized illuminate about CMOS related issues. What is some normal issue with hard drives? The basic issues which are related with each hard drive in PCs are The unrecognizable hard circle which occurred because of some blunder in hard plate firmware. Firmware blunder likewise makes framework hang or boot disappointment issues. Temperature issues occur because of ill-advised ventilation in hard plate packaging region. References California specialists capture 275 kid predators. (2014).Mail Online. Recovered 15 June 2016, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2671467/Almost-300-pedophiles-including-educating colleague resigned sheriffs-appointee captured month-long-To-Catch-Predator-style-sting-operation.html Instructions to Protect your Children from Pedophiles | MoCHIP. (2016).Mochip.org. Recovered 15 June 2016, from https://mochip.org/how-to-shield your-youngsters from-pedophiles/

Do you celebrate National Hug Day

Do you celebrate National Hug Day National Hug Day Home›Informative Posts›National Hug Day Informative PostsNational Hug Day also known as Global Hug Day is celebrated on January 21. It was founded by Kevin Zaborney in 1986. Although it is not a public holiday yet, it is aimed at encouraging people all over the world to openly express their feelings to each other through hugging.Actually, the action of hugging has a beneficial effect as it helps people to feel close and affiliated. It is a believed to be a form of therapy, as well. According to the National Hug Day website, both a friendly squeeze and a passionate caress have the same mental and physical benefits. Embracing or hugging someone has a stress-reducing health advantage. When people hug each other, there is the release of the hormone oxytocin, which influences mood, behavior and physiology. Hugging is highly recommended for people under constant pressure of work or some other factors as it balances the nervous system.Nevertheless, the founder of Natio nal Hug Day, Kevin Zaborney, wanted to promote people’s happiness and welfare. That is why there is an important note of caution to ask before you offer a hug. We should keep in mind that some people are eager to give and receive hugs without any troubles, whereas the others do not stand to do this. For instance, it might be unacceptable for the people prone to solitude or with an introvert type of character.As a matter of fact, hugging is described as an ultimate feature of person’s vigorous, alive existence. A human being needs 4 hugs for survival, 8 hugs for maintenance, and 12 hugs for a day to grow. It doesn’t mean that you are going to get rid of all life’s problems, but you would definitely extol the benefits of a hug. Hugging protects people, generating the feeling of love, comfort, friendship, on the one hand, and reduces stress, on the other hand.Make sure you tried this kind of therapy because since you did, you won’t give up practicing happy hugs. Switch on the positive attitude not only on the National Hug Day. Enjoy it every single day of your life.

Leadership Styles Developed By Sogeti With The Team Park...

The previous discussions focused on the leadership styles utilized by Sogeti with the Team Park implementation. The purpose of the platform was to foster collaboration and sharing of ideas across a global network. The program was intentionally designed to be fluid without a formal internal leadership structure other than having community owners to assure proper manners and maintain order within the community. However, there are two very important leadership concepts to be considered under this new paradigm. They are team leadership and culture. These concepts may have been realized by the Sogeti leaders; however, they were not specifically addressed in the article. First, despite the absence of a formal leadership structure within TeamPark, organized teams are destined to evolve de novo without external directive. Prior to the new platform, Sogeti had a project based model where groups functioned freely and independently. However, despite a global presence, the project groups were silos bound by an inability to share ideas, knowledge, and experiences across the global organization. With the new platform, the more vertical oriented management and leadership model becomes horizontal through interactions occurring across silos. (Desiser, 2013) Much of the social interaction may be between individuals seeking information and exchanging ideas; however, it is certain that organized virtual teams will arise around common objectives. For example, there could be one group withinShow MoreRelatedTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 PagesInvolvement was varied from truculant to compliant. Then there was the Vendor Issue! Two high profile companies were involved in the database platform and desktop/back room hardware. There were twelve functional workstream leads in the Programme team. There was a Programme PMO. One vendor had its own PMO, the shared service company had a PMO.There were two lots of consultant firms embedded in the PMO and Programme workstreams. There was a layer of executive Programme Managers. The programme

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay - 2690 Words

Introduction: In order to overcome behavioral problems such as anxiety, depression or fear, individuals usually communicate their problems or anxieties with their trusted friends or family members. In case of a somewhat complicated problem, a counselor is consulted. These are a relatively simple form of psychotherapies that individuals have been practicing from centuries. However, with the development of modern science and advancements in the field of psychology, theorists have identified some more effective approaches for psychoanalysis. The most noticeable work in this regard was done by Sigmund Freud who was the first to develop modern techniques for psychoanalysis. Despite of the fact that Freud’s approaches towards psychoanalysis†¦show more content†¦Buddhism as a religion demands its followers to bring considerable psychological changes in terms of their lifestyle, thinking patterns etc. The Noble Eightfold Path discussed above, demands a major psychological change in an indi vidual. It should be noted that this change is achievable through an individual’s own effort. Some of the main psychological aspects are clearly discussed in Buddhism including the concept of motivation, perception and cognition. Discussing the concept of motivation, Buddhism clearly defines the basic motivations behind human actions. It declares that the behavior of an unenlightened person is derived by driven by craving or desire. As discussed earlier, this craving or desire is supposed to be responsible for suffering in life. Buddhism classifies desires, craving or â€Å"tanha† in three different forms named as kama tanha (desire for sensory satisfaction), bhava tanha (desire for survival) and vibhava tanha (desire for extermination). (Davidson Harrington) In Buddhism, perception is believed to be based on twelve gateways, including the five senses, the mind or â€Å"inner sense† and the object of these six senses. The inner sense possesses the capability to mirror on the objects of the five senses. The amalgamation of each of the five senses and its objects resultShow MoreRelatedBehavioral Therapies : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1752 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the lens of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, an integrated mix of both cognitive and behavioral approaches is best suited the treatment of clients. All the approaches under Cognitive Behavioral Therapy require several different attributes. Some of them being; the need for a positive working relationship between client and therapist, the belief that distress is a cognitive process, treatment is a focus in changing cognitions to create positive change in mood or behavior. Changing irrationalRead MoreBehavioral Therapy And Cognitive Therapy869 Words   |  4 Pagespaper, I will compare and contrast Group Therapy and Cognitive therapy, more specifically, dialectical behavioral therapy, and the differences between assessment types that clinicians use to determine a diagnosis and therapy that would best benefit their client. In the second part of my paper, I will discuss and address different considerations in which a therapist should make in order to provide a safe and effectively therapeutic environment. Though therapy is a largely utilized form of mental healthRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy2168 Words   |  9 PagesBackground Developed in the mid 1960s by Aaron Beck, the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model theorizes that the interpretation of both external and internal events is biased, and can tap unhealthy underlying beliefs that potentially lead to emotional distress (Beck, 2005). Over the years CBT has accumulated an impressive track record in the treatment of a variety of mood disorders. In 1985, a review of 220 studies using CBT in the treatment of depression concluded that 91% supported the modelRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1447 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Djiedjorm Doe (Dede) Middlesex Community College Cognitive behavioral therapy, commonly known as CBT, is a systematic process by which we learn to change our negative thought into more positive ones. CBT is a combination of two types of therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. cognition is our thought, so cognitive behavioral therapy combines working with our thought process and changing our behavior at the same time. Cognitive behavioral therapistsRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1502 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy, in its most modern form, was developed in 1960 by Aaron T. Beck. However, CBT has an interesting history dating back to the 1920s in the United States and even earlier in other parts of the world. â€Å"Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructiveRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Narrative Therapy1706 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing on in his every day life. The two that we have chosen are Cognitive-behavioral therapy and Narrative therapy. We will look into both of these and also as we do that we will find out what the role of the social worker is in both cases. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help you notice the discouraging thoughts that make you feel bad. These thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. Using Cognitive-behavioral therapy you can learn to stop these thoughts and replace them with helpfulRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Narrative Therapy1706 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing on in his every day life. The two that we have chosen are Cognitive-behavioral therapy and Narrative therapy. We will look into both of these and also as we do that we will find out what the role of the social worker is in both cases. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help you notice the discouraging thoughts that make you feel bad. These thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. Using Cognitive-behavioral therapy you can learn to stop these thoughts and replace them with helpfulRead MoreCognitive Behavioral And Behavioral Family Therapy2903 Words   |  12 Pages Week 11 Assignment: Signature Assignment: Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy Rayon L. Walton Nortcentral University One of the most effective components of MFT is Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy (CBFT). CBFT incorporates cognitive processes that affect behavior and applies it to the therapeutic process of clients. The foundational principles of CBFT stem from behavioral concepts that were impacted by issues that affected clients such as phobias, anxiety and parenting deficiencies;Read MoreCognitive Therapies And Behavioral Therapy982 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive behavioral therapy, on the contrary, utilizes directive consulting tools to control and guide its patients. These include such things as asking questions, interpreting, and providing direction to a client’s attention and emotions. â€Å"Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, an approach that focuses on recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs into more realistic and constructive thoughts and beliefs† (Erford, 2014). It is believed that cognitive behavioral therapyRead MoreCognitive Psycholo gy : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1700 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a school of psychotherapy that intends to assist individuals with conquering their emotional issues. A focal idea in CBT is that you feel the way you think. Therefore, CBT focuses on the fact that you can live all the more cheerfully and effectively in you begin thinking with a better mindset. CBT urges you to comprehend that you re thought process or beliefs lie between the occasion and your definitive sentiments and activities. The

Body Piercing and Management Free Essays

Of the many growing trends, body piercing has become very popular. With this practice becoming more popular everyday, many people are frightened away because of sanitary and health reasons. To most peoples surprise the business of body piercing is a safe and clean procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Piercing and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body piercing is a form of self-expression, such as tattoos and hair styles. Piercing are more widely accepted among business today than a couple years ago. Even-though they are becoming more acceptable in society today there is still a misconception of the safety, sterility, and health issues involved. Many people fear the sterility of the piercing process, ergo they don’t get the piercing. In actuality piercing is very safe. The piercer has to follow many steps in ensuring the safety of the piercer and the patient. After filling out the proper paperwork, the patient has to decide of the location of the piercing. There are many spots over the human body where one can get pierced. Some of the common spots to get pierced are: the inner and outer ear, the nose, the bridge of you nose, the cheek, lips, tongue, eyebrows, nipples, naval, and the genitalia. If one was to get their tongue pierced, the piercer must decide whether or not it is piercable. If the tongue has a large under-webbing it cannot be pierced. Once the tongue is deemed piercable, the piercer sterilizes all of his equipment. A common set-up for a piercing is as follows: two pairs of surgical gloves, many gauze, a needle, cork, rubber-band, surgical clamp, toothpick, and the jewelry. All of these are placed in a metal cartridge and placed inside a sterilizing machine. The machine heats and compresses distilled water and then blows steam into the cartage sterilizing everything inside. During this time the patient is instructed on the procedure and washing his mouth with bioclean. Bioclean is antibacterial mouth cleaner that destroys 99% of all mouth bacteria. During this time the piercer scrubs his hands with an antibacterial soap, and places one pair of gloves on. The patient sticks out his tongue and the piercer makes a horizontal and vertical make on the tongue if a mild antiseptic dye. The clamps are placed on the top and direct bottom of the tongue and double checked, to ensure that the needle will not pierce a vein. At this time the piercer discards his current pair of gloves and dons the second. He then places the needle on the tongue and pushes it through. Once the needle has passed through, he then places a cork on the end so no one is harmed. The needle is push the rest of the way through with the jewelry. The needle and cork are placed in a sealed biohazard container to await proper disposal. The clamp is removed and placed in an antibacterial solution. The other half is then screwed on and the piercing is over. All the gausses and swabs with no blood are placed in the trash, and any items with blood on them are placed in a biohazard bag. At this time the piercer informs the patient on the proper care and maintenance of the piercing. In an interview with Richard, a piercer at Factor V in Charleston, SC, he states that the most unsanitary and dangerous time for a piercing is seven days afterward. â€Å"People don’t follow directions and end-up with an infection. Most piercers pass out a pamphlet with the proper care directions on it. The piercing process is safe when done by a professional. The customer is responsible for the piercing once the piercing process is over. The procedure is so safe that one doesn’t even lose taste due to the piercing. Some swelling may occur and pain in very minimal because no nerves were hit. Piercing can be a healthy and fun way express oneself, when done in a clean and experienced environment. But one has to make sure that proper care is given to the piercing. How to cite Body Piercing and Management, Essay examples

Body Piercing and Management Free Essays

Of the many growing trends, body piercing has become very popular. With this practice becoming more popular everyday, many people are frightened away because of sanitary and health reasons. To most peoples surprise the business of body piercing is a safe and clean procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Piercing and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body piercing is a form of self-expression, such as tattoos and hair styles. Piercing are more widely accepted among business today than a couple years ago. Even-though they are becoming more acceptable in society today there is still a misconception of the safety, sterility, and health issues involved. Many people fear the sterility of the piercing process, ergo they don’t get the piercing. In actuality piercing is very safe. The piercer has to follow many steps in ensuring the safety of the piercer and the patient. After filling out the proper paperwork, the patient has to decide of the location of the piercing. There are many spots over the human body where one can get pierced. Some of the common spots to get pierced are: the inner and outer ear, the nose, the bridge of you nose, the cheek, lips, tongue, eyebrows, nipples, naval, and the genitalia. If one was to get their tongue pierced, the piercer must decide whether or not it is piercable. If the tongue has a large under-webbing it cannot be pierced. Once the tongue is deemed piercable, the piercer sterilizes all of his equipment. A common set-up for a piercing is as follows: two pairs of surgical gloves, many gauze, a needle, cork, rubber-band, surgical clamp, toothpick, and the jewelry. All of these are placed in a metal cartridge and placed inside a sterilizing machine. The machine heats and compresses distilled water and then blows steam into the cartage sterilizing everything inside. During this time the patient is instructed on the procedure and washing his mouth with bioclean. Bioclean is antibacterial mouth cleaner that destroys 99% of all mouth bacteria. During this time the piercer scrubs his hands with an antibacterial soap, and places one pair of gloves on. The patient sticks out his tongue and the piercer makes a horizontal and vertical make on the tongue if a mild antiseptic dye. The clamps are placed on the top and direct bottom of the tongue and double checked, to ensure that the needle will not pierce a vein. At this time the piercer discards his current pair of gloves and dons the second. He then places the needle on the tongue and pushes it through. Once the needle has passed through, he then places a cork on the end so no one is harmed. The needle is push the rest of the way through with the jewelry. The needle and cork are placed in a sealed biohazard container to await proper disposal. The clamp is removed and placed in an antibacterial solution. The other half is then screwed on and the piercing is over. All the gausses and swabs with no blood are placed in the trash, and any items with blood on them are placed in a biohazard bag. At this time the piercer informs the patient on the proper care and maintenance of the piercing. In an interview with Richard, a piercer at Factor V in Charleston, SC, he states that the most unsanitary and dangerous time for a piercing is seven days afterward. â€Å"People don’t follow directions and end-up with an infection. Most piercers pass out a pamphlet with the proper care directions on it. The piercing process is safe when done by a professional. The customer is responsible for the piercing once the piercing process is over. The procedure is so safe that one doesn’t even lose taste due to the piercing. Some swelling may occur and pain in very minimal because no nerves were hit. Piercing can be a healthy and fun way express oneself, when done in a clean and experienced environment. But one has to make sure that proper care is given to the piercing. How to cite Body Piercing and Management, Essay examples

Are Faces Special free essay sample

Critically evaluate the evidence that we have evolved a specialised neural network dedicated to processing faces. Brian Marron, 11461992, SF TSM. INTRODUCTION Processing faces is extremely important to humans as social beings. We are able to put and identity on thousands of faces (Gazzaniga, 2002) with ease, something we might take for granted. The value of this ability can be better understood when the world is viewed through the eyes of somebody with prosopagnosia, the inability to recognise faces. The following quotation from David Fine, a prosopagnosic describing the difficulty associated with the disorder. â€Å"I often fail to recognise my children or even my wife †¦ I have failed to acknowledge friends and, more distressingly, those in authority. At school I would get lines for not raising my cap to a teacher. As a young man I ignored girls whom I had met the night before – not a good mating strategy. I find networking all but impossible, and social situations †¦ may cause acute anxiety. † (Fine, J. R. 2011 pp 455) Face processing is something that almost all of us can do yet exactly how we process faces is not yet known. In this essay I will examine one of the most heatedly debated topics of face processing: Are faces special? That is to say, are faces processed in a special way compared to non-face stimuli and have humans evolved a specialised neural network to achieve this? The two sides of the argument have been debated for a long time and there is still no clear answer. (Hole Byrne, 2010) Research from both sides will be critically evaluated. Initially, evidence from psychological studies will be explored in an attempt to address whether faces are processed in the same way as non-face stimuli. After that the question of whether humans have evolved a specialised network dedicated to processing faces will be considered, drawing on evidence from studies of brain damage and neuroimaging. If faces and only were processed in a different way to non-face stimuli, it would greatly support the argument that faces are special. Yin carried out a very influential experiment in 1969. He presented participants with photos of faces, stickmen drawings, planes and houses. The task involved participants recognizing the stimuli presented inverted or â€Å"right-way-up†. Yin found that inversion decreased people’s ability to recognise all categories of stimulus. However, inversion impeded performance by 3 times as much for faces compared with other non-face stimuli. Yin also collected oral feedback. The results and feedback suggested that faces and non-face stimuli were processed differently. After many more very influential studies, such as the Thatcher Illusion (Thompson, 1980), the Composite Face Effect (Young et al. 1987), blurring facial features (Collinshaw and Hole, 2000) and many more, it was concluded that faces were processed in a different way to non-face stimuli. Specifically, faces are processed holistically with a dependence on configural information whereas non-face stimuli are processed using featural information in a peicemental way. It was concluded that because faces were processed differently they are special. Diamond and Carey disagreed (1986) that face and non-face stimuli were processed differently faces were special. They put forward the expertise hypothesis in a much cited paper in 1986. They said the Face Inversion Effect found by Yin was not a result of using different sources of information (configural and featural) but that it was a result of expertise with faces. They based their assertions on evidence from their experiment with dog experts. Dog experts and non-experts were given a similar inversion test to Yin’s, with photos of dogs as well as faces (1969). Again they were asked to recognise the dogs and human faces while upright or inverted. Understandably, Yin’s Inversion Effect was found for faces. Interestingly, the dog experts showed a similar inversion effect for dogs while the non-experts did not. It seemed the experts processed faces and dogs in a similar way. Diamond and Carey argued that if one is expert in any group of homogeneous stimuli whose members all share features, then one begins to use configural information to improve discrimination of its exemplars. They also said that to allow for this better discrimination, the stimulus must be presented upright. People demonstrate the Face Inversion Effect because they are expert at processing faces. And so, Diamond and Carey asserted faces are not special, merely exemplars of a homogenous group of stimuli of which people tend to be expert. Greebles were created by Gauthier and Tarr (1997) from a need to control for expertise in experiments. Greebles are a group of homogeneous stimuli that do not resemble faces but do have several properties of faces like symmetry and the same number of features. They conducted experiments to see how dependence on configural information increased with expertise. They agreed with Diamond and Carey that faces are not intrinsically special but that humans are particularly expert at processing faces and so rely more on configural information to discriminate b etween one person and another. However, Gauthier Tarr and Diamond Carey’s methodologies have come under much criticism especially from Robbins and McKone. Robbins and McKone argue that they have found major flaws in the expert hypothesis. The differing views of these psychologists are outlined in fiery academic exchanges (Robbins McKone 2007), (McKone Robbins, 2007), (Gauthier Baukach, 2007). As a consequence, there is no absolute answer to the question: Are faces special? The next line of evidence is brain damage. The logic is this: if a brain region is damaged and face processing is hindered with all other non-face processing remaining unhindered, then surely that is strong evidence for a specialised neural network dedicated to processing faces only. Hole Byrne, 2010) i. e. A double-dissociation must be shown between face and non-face stimuli. Prosopagnosia patients are the most promising hopes for meeting those criteria just outlined (Gazzaniga, 2002). It is seldom that a prosopagnosia patient does not show impairments to non-face-stimulus processing abilities. This is thought to be because traumatic brain injuries resulting in prosopagnosia are usually wide-ranging (Farah et al, 1995). However, there are some cases of ‘pure’ prosopagnosia who have no non-face processing impairments (Wada Yamatoto, 2001). For the evidence to be valid, they must make within-class discriminations to make the test comparable with face processing tests. This within-class double dissociation has been found in many object classes like cars (Rossion et al, 2003), glasses (Farah et al, 1995) fruit (Riddoch et al, 2008) and more. There is even evidence for a double dissociation between human and animal face-processing. There is the case of a sheep farmer, WJ (McNeil Warrington, 1993). WJ suffered from prosopagnosia yet he was able to identify his sheep. Another case of a prosopagnosic farmer being able to identify his animals was reported by Bruyer et al. 1983). The double dissociation is made whole by a farmer who could process faces but could sadly no longer identify his cattle. The evidence to show faces are indeed special is compelling. However, there is an alternative explanation of the findings provided by the expert hypothesis. According to that hypothesis, in order to recognise faces we must make deli cate within-class decisions on the second-order relations between facial features. Supporters of the hypothesis argue that prosopagnosia is not the injury of the ‘face’ area but injury to the region responsible for making delicate within-class decisions. When asked why faces are selectively impaired, it is argued that it only appears that way because brains depend on that mode of processing to a great extent for faces (Hole Byrne, 2010). Consequently, there is still no definite answer to the question of whether faces are special. The most modern evidence comes from neuroimaging. The N170 ERP was instrumental in highlighting brain activation when viewing face stimuli. The activation patterns helped to locate the fusiform face area (FFA) because N170 was so distinct to faces. In this essay the fMRI research into the FFA will be explored in detail. To prove faces are special, the research aimed to find a correlation between distinct face-processing brain activity and a specific brain region. The FFA was discovered in 1997 by Kanwisher. It was first described as a brain region which only responded to faces. In fact, activation was found for cat faces and cartoon faces (Tong et al, 2000). There was also some very low level activation to animals, houses and objects. Interestingly, FFA activation was recorded in response to Mooney faces, (Kanwisher, 1998) and to the vase-face illusion. When participants reported perceiving a vase there was no FFA activation. Activation only occurred when perceived as 2 faces looking at each other. This finding was very meaningful as in both vase-face scenarios the stimulus was the same. The only thing change was the perception (Andrews et al, 2002). It supports the assertion that faces are special and humans have evolved a special neural network dedicated to processing faces. The expertise hypothesis does not accept those findings. Supporters argue that the FFA is for detecting subtle differences in stimuli (Gauthier et, al, 1999). Evidence for this can be found in Gauthier’s experiment with bird watchers (2000). FFA activation was found to be higher in experts than non-experts. Further evidence in support of the expertise hypothesis is that FFA activation is usually higher for one’s own race (Golby et al, 2001). This is significant because the expertise hypothesis is the major explanation for own-race bias (Hole Byrne, 2010). Additionally, Greeble experiments were carried out. It was found that non-experts had no FFA activation while FFAs of experts fired (Gauthier et, al, 1999). Although these findings do support the expertise hypothesis, some criticisms have been made. For example, studies have not found FFA activation for object stimuli with which the participant was expert (Grill-Spector et al. , 2004) and others have found low and insignificant activation (Moore et al. , 2006). Hence, it is still unknown whether the FFA evolved as specialised neural network dedicated to processing faces. FFA activation to Greebles has come under scrutiny. It has been suggested that the FFA does not fire, because the FFA is specialised for detecting subtle difference in faces and objects as the face hypothesis states. Instead, FFA activates because Greebles are body or animal like (Kanwisher Yovel, 2006) even though they were created to not be animal like. Also, there is a chance that the perceived activation of the FFA is actually an activation of the fusiform body area (Peelen Downing, 2005). Potentially, misrecordings have been taken and fusiform gyrus activation elsewhere on the gyrus has been attributed to the face area (Kanwiser Yovel, 2006). In the future, improved resolution might rectify this. Further to the argument of faces being special, Mc Kone et al. hightlight that the FFA is constant with the location of prosopagnosia lesions (2007). This evidence is strengthened by the finding that some prosopagnosia patients have shown no FFA activation when viewing faces (Kanwisher et al, 1999). Conversely, Steeves’ patient DF showed normal FFA activation despite suffering prosopagnosia (2006). Perhaps evidence from DF suggests that the FFA is important in face but as part as a network. And so there is very strong evidence from neuroimaging to say that faces are special and that there is a specialised neural network. However, supporters of the expertise hypothesis still disagree. In this essay the question of whether faces are special was examined. Psychological studies show that faces are processed in a different way to non-face stimuli. Specifically, faces are processed using configural information whereas objects are processed using featural information. Supporters of the expertise hypothesis argue that this is because of humans’ expertise in making subtle discrimination between faces as a homogeneous class of stimulus. Then the double dissociation between face and object processing in prosopagnosia patients was cited as evidence that humans have developed a specialised neural network for face processing. Again, proponents of the expertise arguments disagree asserting that prosopagnosia is a result of damage to a region of the brain for making subtle discriminations rather than a special face area. Finally, neuroimaging evidence was evaluated and once again, expertise supporters argued against the FFA being a special brain region. As a result of this evidence, I think it can be concluded that nobody knows whether faces are special or if humans have a specialized neural network. The sometimes heated exchanges will probably continue long into the future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews, T. J. Schluppeck, D. , Humfray, D. et al. (2002). Activity in the fusiform gyrus predicts conscious perception of Rubin’s Vase-face illusion. Neuroimage, 17, 890-901. Bruyer, R, Laterre, C. , Seron, X. et al. (1983). A case of prosopagnosia with some preserved covert remembrance of familiar faces. Brian and Cognition, 2(3), 257-284 Collinshaw, S. M. Hole, G. J. (2000). Featural and configurational processe s in the recognition of faces of different familiarity. Perception, 29, 893-909. Diamond, R. Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are nt special: an effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115(2), 107-117. Farah, M. J. , Wilson, K. d. , Drain, H. M. , et al. (1995). The inverted face inversion effect in prosopagnosia – evidence for mandatory, face-specific perceptual mechanism. Vision Research, 35(14), 2089-2093. Fine, J. R, (2001). We need a simple test for prosopagnosia. BMJ, 342, 1736 pp. 455 Gauthier, I. Bukach, C. (2007). Should we reject the expertise hypothesis? Cognition, 103(2), 322-330. Gauthier, I. Tarr, M. J. (1997). Becoming a ‘greeble’ expert: exploring mechnisms for face recognition. Vision research, 37(12), 1673-1982 Gauthier, I. , Klaiman, C. Schult, R. T. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 2(2), 191-197. Gauthier, I. Tarr, M. J. , Anderson, A. W. , et al. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform face area increases with expertise in recognising novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 568-273. London, Norton Company Gazzaniga, M. S. , Ivry, R. B. Mangun, G. R. , (2002). Cognitive Neuroscience, the Biology of Mind. Golby, A. J. , Gabrieli, J. D. E. , Chiao, J, Y. , et al. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nature Neuroscience, 4(8), 845-850. Grill-Spector, K. , Nouf, N. Kanwisher, N. (2004). The fusiform face area subverves face perception, not generic within-category identification. Nature Neuroscience, 7(5), 555-562. Hole, G. , Bourne, V. (2010). Face Processing: Psychological, neuropsychological, and applied perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kanwisher, N. , McDermott, J. Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal Of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302-4311. Kanwisher, N. , tong, F. Nakayama, K. (1998). The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area. Cognition, 68(1) B1-B11. Kanwisher, N. Yovel, G. (2006). The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 361(1476), 2109-2128. Kanwisher, N. , Stanley, D. Harris, A. (1999). The fusiform face area is selective for faces not animals. Neuroreport, 10(1), 183-187. McKone, E. Robbins, R. (2007. The evidence rejects the expertise hypothesis: reply to Gauthier Blukach. Cognition, 103(2), 331-336. McNeil, Jane E. Warrington, Elizabeth K. (1993). Prosopagnosia: A face-specific disorder. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 46A(1), 1-10. Moore, C. D. , Cohen, M. X. Rathanath, C. (2006). Neural mechanisms of expert skills in visual working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(43), 11187-11196 Peelen, M. V. Dowling, P. E. (2005). Selectivity for the human body in the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neuropsychology, 93, (1), 603-608. Riddoch, M. Jane Johnston, Robert A. Bracewell, R. Martyn Boutsen, Luc Humphreys, Glyn W. (2008). Are faces special: a case o pure prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(1), 3-26 Robbines, R. McKone, E. 2007). No face-like processing for objects-of-expertise in three behavioural tasks. Cognition, 103(1), 34-79. Rossion, B. , Celdara, R. , Seghier, M. et al. (2003). Anetwork of occipito-temporal face-sensitive areas besides the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing. Brain, 126, 2381-2395. Steeves, P. , Dricot, J. , Goltz, L. Sorger, H. C. , et al. (1999). Abnormal face identity coding in the middle fusiform gyrus of two brain-damaged prosopagnosic patients. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2584-2592. Thompson, P. (1980). Margaret Thatcher: a new illusion. Perception, 9, 483-484. Tong, F. , Nakayama, K. , Moscovitch, M. , et al. (2000). Response properties of human fusiform face area. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17(1-3), 257-279. Wada, y. Yamamoto, T. (2001). Selective impairment of facial recognition due to a haematoma restricted to the right fusiform and lateral occipital region. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 71(2), 254-257. Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81 (1), 141-145. Young, A. W. , Hellawell, D. Hay, D. C. (1987). Configuration information in face perception. Perception, 16, 737-759.

Walk a mile in someones shoes free essay sample

As we grow our experiences teach us lessons and shape how we view the world. In Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† he uses the example of the prisoners to show how our view of the world changes when we are faced with new information that contradicts the reality we thought we knew. The world as I viewed it completely changed when a close friend committed suicide. I learned the true meaning of what it means to â€Å"walk a mile in someones else shoes†. Its a saying we all know, but when it comes to actually understanding why someone is the way they are its easier to label them as weird, annoying, or rude. To walk in someone elses shoes means to put yourself in others position to understand their feelings or actions, no matter what the circumstance is. Homecoming queen, captain of the cheerleading team, and honors student were a few of my proud labels in high school. We will write a custom essay sample on Walk a mile in someones shoes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I had amazing friends, and an amazing family; I was blessed in every aspect of my life. I can remember being and school and hearing girls complain about the upcoming prom, and watching as a guy would lash out on a teacher. Their actions perplexed me as I labeled them weird and crazy. The truth was they weren’t weird, the girl complaining about prom had never been asked as a date, and the boy yelling at the teacher had so much anger built up from his abusive father that he lashed out on any form of authority. I was blinded from reality because I hadnt viewed life from their experiences. But that all quickly changed the fall of my junior year. October second I awoke like any other day to get ready for school. Reaching for my phone to quite my alarm clock I was bombarded with endless text messages. As my eyes wandered over the words â€Å"I’m so sorry for your lose† my heart jumped out of my chest. My mind raced trying to figure out what had happened. As I ran to find my mother down stairs, her faced buried in her hands I knew my life was about to take a big turn. WIth panic burning through my body I sat down as my mother uttered the horrifying news that my friend Emily had killer herself the night before. In that single moment I watched as my life as I knew come crashing down. It was a moment of  disbelief, anger, and sadness colliding in my body. The hours that preceded were a blur ; they were filled with phone class, hugs, and endless speeches about how everyone was sorry but I was numb to it all. My mind took me on a journey through her life as I tried to figure out how the beautiful, powerful, and loving girl I had once knew had been that sad with life. I never fully grasped what made her that sad, but I better understood her actions. Emily had a strong personality and many times she would snap at me daily for reasons that didnt seem that big, she constantly grumbled about her family, and was easily angered by lifes smallest mishaps. When it was happening I just thought she was over reacting, but now i see she had so much emotion built up that thats how it came out. I always wonder if I would have tried to understand why she was like that if I could have saved her. Losing Emily taught me that you never know what anyone is going through no matter how close you are. Actions are results of our emotions, so to understand someones actions is to better understand that person. For the girl that took your parking spot this morning she is grieving the lose of her husband, for the man that messed up your coffee, he is fighting an addiction, for the women who was rude to you in line, she just needs someone to tell her her life is going to work out. People are not rude to be rude, they dont purposely mess up your order, everyone is going through something and we need to step back and realize that. As Plato explains in â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† our view of the world changes when we are faced with new information that contradicts the reality we thought we knew. My reality was changed with the passing of Emily. The tragedy was horrifying, but its taught me a life changing lesson. I learned how to walk in someone elses shoes, to understand their feels and actions. Everyone is going through things and we may never know what it is, but if we can step back and try to see the world through their view we can better understand their actions.

Ongoing UN Peacekeeping Missions in Africa

Ongoing UN Peacekeeping Missions in Africa There are currently seven United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in Africa.   UNMISS The United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan began July 2011 when the Republic of South Sudan officially became the newest country in Africa, having split from The Sudan. The split came after decades of war, and the peace remains fragile. In December 2013, renewed violence broke out, and the UNMISS team was accused of partisanship. A cessation of hostilities was reached 23 January 2014, and the UN authorized further troops for the Mission, which continues to supply humanitarian aid. As of June 2015 the Mission had 12,523 service personnel and more then 2,000 civilian staff members. UNISFA: The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei began June 2011. It was tasked with protecting civilians in the region of Abyei, along the border between The Sudan and what became the Republic of South Sudan. The Force is also tasked with helping The Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan with stabilizing their border near Abyei. In May 2013, the UN expanded the force.   As of June 2015, the Force was comprised of 4,366 service personnel and more than 200 civilian staff members and UN volunteers. MONUSCO The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo commenced 28 May 2010. It replaced the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While the Second Congo War officially ended in 2002, fighting continues, particularly in the eastern Kivu region of the DRC. The MONUSCO force is authorized to use force if need be to protect civilians and humanitarian personnel. It was due to be withdrawn in March 2015, but was extended into 2016.   UNMIL The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) was created 19 September 2003 during the Second Liberian Civil War. It replaced the UN Peace-building Support Office in Liberia. The warring factions signed a peace agreement in August 2003, and general elections were held in 2005. The UNMILs current mandate includes continuing to protect civilians from any violence and providing humanitarian aid. It is also tasked with assisting the Liberian government with strengthening national institutions for justice. UNAMID The African Union / United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur began 31 July 2007, and as of June 2015, it was the largest peacekeeping operation in the world. The African Union deployed peacekeeping forces to Darfur in 2006, following the signing of a peace accord between The Sudan government and rebel groups.   The peace agreement was not implemented, and in 2007, UNAMID replaced the AU operation. The UNAMID is tasked with facilitating the peace process, providing security, helping establish the rule of law, providing humanitarian aid, and protecting civilians. UNOCI The United Nations Operation in Cà ´te dIvoire began in  April 2004. It replaced the much smaller United Nations Mission in  Cà ´te dIvoire. Its original mandate was to facilitate the peace agreement that ended the Ivorian Civil War. It took six years, though, to hold elections, and after the 2010 elections, the incumbent, President  Laurent Gbagbo, who had governed since 2000, did not step down. Five months of violence followed, but it ended with the arrest of Gbagbo in 2011. Since then, there has been progress, but the UNOCI remains in  Cà ´te dIvoire to protect civilians, ease the transition, and ensure disarmament. MINURSO The  UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) began 29 April 1991.   Its outcomes were to   Monitor the ceasefire and troop locationsOversee POW exchanges and repatriation Organize a referendum on  Ã‚  Western Sahara  independence from Morocco The mission has been ongoing for twenty-five years. During that time, MINURSO forces have assisted in maintaining the ceasefire and removing mines, but it has not yet been possible to organize a referendum on Western Saharan independence. Sources Current Peacekeeping Operations,  United Nations Peacekeeping.org.  (Accessed 30 January 2016).

Oz Jet Boating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Oz Jet Boating - Essay Example The competitive low prices offered by Oz jet boating attracts many customers because of its affordability. Adults part with $75, children with $45 and whole family parts with $195 for a boat tour. The purpose of this research paper is to describe Oz jet boating as a tourism company giving details of the products it offers and finally conduct a situational analysis of the company. The target consumer group is a young population. Boat tours appeal the young who are adventurous in nature. Social media, advertisement agencies and internet are the channels used to advertise Oz jet boating to the world. Oz jet boating offers flexible ways of booking for the tourist tours through the email, telephone or any outlets located at the harbour. Oz jet boating is a tourist company based in Australia. The products offered are sightseeing activities at the Opera house, Harbour sides, Shark Island, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Taronga zoo. The major rivals in the tourism industry include Sydney Harbour boat tours, Sydney Harbour and Sydney Harbour cruises. Prestige harbour cruises offer charter boats for hire used in corporate events, weddings and social gatherings (Sydney Harbour, 2014). Sydney Harbour tours are famous for its day guide tours. It also offers fresh food from the sea and beverages at Watsons Hotel. The charges are $129 for adults and $89 for children (Sydney Harbour Boat Tours, 2014). Sydney Harbour Escapes, on the other hand, is a family business started back in 2000 that offers boat services and tour activities (Sydney Harbour Escapes, 2014). Oz jet boating needs to creatively and innovatively offer differentiated and unique products that give it a competitive edge above its rival customers. Proper care ought to be taken in pricing of the products in such manner that it will offer competitive lower prices than rival companies offer but also obtain profits from such prices. The consumer target group should be diversified and not limited to the young population onl y. Touring activities should be designed to include activities that will appeal to the ageing population and by thus doing revenue streams will increase. Advertising channels used must reach myriad people so that the public is familiar with the company and its products.

Ethics in Group Counseling Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics in Group Counseling - Article Example Ultimately the paper aimed to provide a kind of resource for practitioners interested in implementing group counseling in the school. As a starting point the paper illustrated that family issues are an important topic for group counseling insofar as many children learn aggressive behavior in their home. Moreover the paper postulated that parental abuse also is an important area of focus because substance abuse issues are a serious problem in the home and substance abuse often leads to physical abuse. The article then provided an overview of group counseling. Group interventions can be quite helpful but the question is what format should be utilized. Three main group types were outlined. Education/guidance groups may address social skills issues, Counseling Groups are target towards children with developmental challenges, and therapy groups are used for more severe issues. Group counseling formats incorporate four stages (Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing & Adjourning) which are directed towards first establishing a relationship, establishing boundaries, addressing basic rules, developing increased responsibility and recognizing unrecognized issues. The next major section of the paper involves legal & ethical consideration for schools on a definition basis. The paper defined consent, which is permission to participate in counseling (typically from parents). The paper then defined confidentiality which is the legal obligation not to disclose information surrounding treatment. Breaching confidentiality was covered insofar as confidentiality must be broken when a student poses a risk. Special consideration should be given to how groups are selected & formed. Next special consideration was given for which topics should be considered in groups. Lastly the paper covered details around adequate notification, dangerous behavior parental disclosure, dual relationships and counseling notes, Ethical risks and professional

The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs History Essay

The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs History Essay The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the principal agency through which the state conducts its relations with the outside world. In many countries, this important position is held by the Minister of Foreign Affairs who is considered as one of the most senior members of government, because to conduct the foreign policy of a state is, in effect, to have a determining voice in the development of the state. Diplomacy is the means by which the foreign policy of a state is delivered and for this reason the diplomat has to work hand in hand with the foreign minister towards the implementation of national policy. Alternatively, foreign policy is an ancillary to domestic policy and serves its need. The organisation of the diplomacy of a state is divided into two major parts. As a Government Department it operates through a Head Office in the capital city in charge of the basic responsibility of the conduct of foreign affairs. It is linked to a network of Missions in cities abroad and together, the Ministry and the Missions overseas are responsible for the promotion of the countrys interests abroad. Maltese diplomatic history began on the attainment of independence from the British on 21st September 1964. Prior to this date it cannot be said that Malta had a foreign policy of its own. As in almost all other areas of government, policies originated and were exercised by the colonial power and hence, the elected Maltese Government had absolutely no say, much less conceived or controlled the relations of the Island with other countries. However, this situation was not unknown to the Maltese people as such was the prevailing situation even between 1530 and 1798, since the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St John considered Malta as its Principality after obtaining the islands as a fief from Emperor Charles V. The Order maintained a structure of Ambassadors who were resident in the capital cities of various European states including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Kingdom of Bavaria, France, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Holy See whilst a number of European States also had their Ambassadors in Malta. These gentlemen, were in effect the equivalent of the modern Charges d Affaires and were generally called Ministers.  [1]  The administration of the Islands being completely in the hands of the Order, the Grandmaster of the day had the privilege of bestowing certain offices to the Maltese which were however rarely of an executive nature.  [2]   During the transition period between 1798 to 1800 from the departure of the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St Johns from to the end of the French occupation and the arrival of the British in Malta, there was no significant change in the participation or control of the Maltese on Maltas internal or far less foreign policy. During the British rule that extended from 1802 to 1964, the Maltese Public Service was no more than vehicle(s) by which British policy in Malta could be successfully implemented  [3]  and there were only three fields in which the Maltese government could have relations with other foreign countries: immigration, financial aid and commerce and Maltese external relations were handled exclusively by the British Governor acting on the instructions of the Colonial Office in London. As a consequence there could not be any Maltese ambassadors or consuls accredited to foreign countries. However, even before internal self-government became effective, in 1929 the British Government had agreed to the establishment of a representative Maltese Office in Australia and later in London, under the direction of a Commissioner rather than High Commissioner, on the understanding that neither post would be considered a diplomatic office. The Maltese Civil Service had over the 160 years of British Colonial rule acquired experience on the administration of domestic affairs of the island namely finance, public works, health and education  [4]  . In the period between 1958 until 1964 the higher civil service prepared the economic and administrative foundations upon which Maltese sovereignty was based.  [5]  On the 21 September 1964, for the first time in their history, the Maltese people gained the possibility of formulating and conducting their own foreign policy. Thus Maltese diplomatic history started in 1964 when Malta, as a sovereign state, became a member of the United Nations. Chapter One The Nationalist Party strove to implement a foreign policy based on three pillars as outlined in their 1962 Electoral Program and namely Maltas place within the Western bloc with a particular emphasis on the Mediterranean and the Commonwealth, the offer of services to the causes of the United Nations and that opportunities offered by the Common Market would be exploited.  [6]   On 29th September, 1964 Malta applied for membership of the United Nations and by Resolution 196 (1964) become the 114th Member State in the United Nations on 1st December 1964  [7]  in the Western European and Others Group. The first statement of Malta to the General Assembly, made by Prime Minister Dr George Borg Olivier concentrated on presenting its (Maltas) role as a bridge between Africa and Europe and analysed the implications of this matter for Malta, establishing Maltas unique role in the Mediterranean  [8]  . In this regards, it can be stated that from this very first contribution, the Maltese Government took and continued to take an active role in the proceedings of the United Nations, both in the General Assembly  [9]  and especially so when elected to the Security Council in 1983 1984. Notwithstanding Maltas status as a micro-state, its perseverance in the international fora was not to be underestimated as can be seen by the number of stands taken at the United Nations  [10]  with regards to disarmament, aid towards developing countries and peaceful settlement of disputes. But perhaps the most important issue put forward by Malta was its proposal to the United Nations on 17th August 1967, concerning the concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind to the international seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, which eventually resulted in the International Law of the Sea.  [11]   The main objectives of the Maltese government initially were security, economic independence and political stability. For this reason even before the achievement of Independence, the Maltese government felt the need to create a distinct unit that would be responsible solely for Maltas Commonwealth and other international relations. This was not an easy task due to no infrastructure and the lack of trained personnel within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs  [12]  , more so in dealings in the diplomatic field. Bilateral relations were established immediately on Independence with Australia, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States of America and various countries sought to have their embassies accredited on the Island. Between 1964 and 1971 Malta forged diplomatic relations with countries across the globe  [13]  and its foreign policy firmly embedded it in the western hemisphere as a matter of course  [14]  . Chapter Two In June 1963, the Maltese Government issued an internal call for applications for the recruitment from within the Civil Service, of Officers willing and competent to participate in the representation of Malta abroad.  [15]  The aim was to create a small, compact, highly efficient corps of diplomats who could represent and promote effectively Maltas political and commercial interests abroad. A total of eighty Officers whose grade varied from Under-Secretary to Executive Officer applied. Immediately on Independence, the Nationalist Administration took the first steps towards the creation of a Foreign Service and hence the establishment of a new Ministry falling under the responsibility of the Prime Minister  [16]  with responsibility for Commonwealth and Foreign Relations was created. Fredrick Amato Gauci, who was a graduate civil servant having previously served as Director of Emigration, Labour and Social Service and who had also been decorated for his service as Major in the RMA during World War II  [17]  . He was appointed Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs and entrusted with the task of putting into place the structure necessary for operations. In order to gain first-hand experience on the structure of a Foreign Ministry, Amato Gauci, was sent to London to study the operational system of the British Foreign Ministry. Mr Amato Gauci concentrated on building the structure of the new Ministry on two binaries and his top priority was the identification of the necessary human resources to put the newly created service in a position to implement the administrations policy. The organisation of the Head Office was divided into three sectors and consisted primarily of three distinct Divisions, namely the Political, Administration and Protocol and Missions abroad.  [18]  His second and equally important task was the identification of adequate premises located in a central and prestigious position which could accommodate visits by foreign dignitaries and also Maltese officers working in the Ministry. Adequate premises in a central position but in the proximity of the Office of the Prime Minister at Auberge d Aragon needed to be identified and the choice ultimately fell on St Georges Chancery, a prestigious location in Palace Square at the centre of Valletta. With much of the necessary groundwork accomplished, the formal establishment of the External Affairs Service of the Government of Malta was done through a call for applications for Envoy  [19]  . Amongst the qualities required were, experience in executive or administrative capacity in business or Government service, knowledge of languages and experience gained in travel and work abroad. The grade of Envoy was on the par of the Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs Secretary. A total of seventeen applications were received but the only candidate considered to possess all requisites was Mr Philip Pullicino MBE, who had made a successful career in the United Kingdom Overseas Civil Service. Ambassadors were appointed not merely for their political allegiance but in certain posts depending on their competence.  [20]   The call for the recruitment of the Officers in the Grades of Counsellor, First Secretary and Second Secretary was published in March 1965.  [21]  Individuals who satisfied any of the following basic requirements could answer the said call for applications: possession of a degree in law, science, arts, commerce, economics or accountancy; Officers of the executive or administrative grades with five years service; or Regular or ex-Regular officers of the Armed Forces of Malta. Age limits were set. All Candidates had to have attained their 26th birthday on application however candidates appointed to the grade of Counsellor could not be above fifty years of age, a First Secretary could not be above forty-five years of age whilst a Second Secretary could not be above thirty-five years of age. A fundamental requirement in the call for applications was that successful candidates would be required to sign an undertaking to serve abroad at any time and also that they would be required to undergo courses of training in Malta and abroad. A total of 53 applications were received however only 6 candidates were successful in the selection process with the appointment of two Counsellors, two appointments as First Secretary (the third candidate having declined the appointment) and no appointment as Second Secretary as the only successful candidate subsequently declined the offer of this post. The successful candidates were nominated to follow courses in diplomatic studies at prestigious educational institutions and specifically the Carnegie Endowment Institute in New York, Oxford University and the Universita degli Studi, Rome. Further training in the form of attachment to British Embassies was also envisaged.  [22]   When compared to Officers in the General Service, the grade of Counsellor was comparable to that of Assistant Secretary, ( £1,110-50-  £1,250)  [23]  , the grade of First Secretary to Administrative Officer ( £860-40- £1060) whilst a Second Secretary was comparable to a Higher Executive Officer ( £705-30- £810). The subsequent recruitment effected in 1966  [24]  was only for posts of First Secretary and Second Secretary and for the first time was open to female candidates, who would however receive three-fourths of salary rates in Malta  [25]  but would be entitled to receive the same allowances as their male counterparts whilst serving abroad. Applicants could not be over 50 years of age whilst the minimum age requirement was not amended and kept at 26 years, as in the first call of the previous year. The need to widen the areas of expertise of applicants was felt and applicants with executive, administrative or journalistic experience were also invited to apply. Whilst twenty seven applications were received, only one first Secretary and four Second Secretaries, including the first female diplomat in the Maltese External Service were appointed  [26]  . Further recruitment exercises which were carried out in 1967  [27]  and 1968  [28]  for both First Secretaries and Seco nd Secretaries resulted in the appointment of only six Second Secretaries from a total of eighteen applicants, whilst in 1968 when the call for applications was restricted only to the recruitment in the grade of Second Secretary, three Second Secretaries were appointed from a total of twelve applicants. While all these organisational activities were going on at home, adequate premises in the various capitals were being selected to house the Chanceries and official Residences. In most instances the properties were leased; however official premises were eventually purchased in New York and Washington in 1968  [29]  and Brussels and Libya in 1969.  [30]   With the Maltese Diplomatic Corps still in its infancy, the diplomats posted overseas faced difficulties in conditions of employment. These difficulties regarded post classification allowances, rent or adequate lodging for officers below the rank of Ambassador and especially the provision of medical treatment abroad for the individual officers and the members of their families accompanying them on their posting overseas. The Pay and Allowance Regulations  [31]  , which became effective 1st October 1966, and which were supplementary to Estacode  [32]  and the Administrative Instructions  [33]  formed the basis for the calculation of allowances which Officers in the External Service were entitled to during their posting overseas. Amongst the conditions stipulated one could find the rates of various allowance depending on the grade and country of posting of the Officer in respect of Expatriation, Wife and Child, Entertainment, Domestic Service, Medical Insurance and Rent. Ho wever Medical expenses proved to be a bone of contention for many officers when faced with exorbitant medical cost not covered by the Medical Insurance. This situation was solved when Mr Amato Gaucis successor, Mr Joseph Rossignaud obtained approval from the Ministry of Finance for reimbursement of ninety per cent of medical and dental costs incurred by officers serving overseas.  [34]   During the headship of Mr Amato Gauci, the Ministry, for the first time compiled the Administrative Instructions.  [35]  The Instructions constituted a compendium of operating instructions to be consulted by Diplomatic Staff on a range of subjects ranging from diplomatic practise, administrative and financial procedure. These Instructions are still available today and remain actual as regards the diplomatic and consular practice. Over the years, various attempts were made to update these Instructions so that they could effectively help diplomatic officers to respond to the ever-increasing exigencies of modern diplomatic and consular functions. The administrative and financial procedures employed at the Ministry continue to be those established by the Public Service Management Code and the Financial Regulations, in force throughout the whole public administration as updated from time to time. In a matter of a few years the Ministry of Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs had established its identity as a leader in the implementation of policy and on the change in administration in the 1970s, notwithstanding its relatively small staff complement, was an active actor in the Maltese political arena. Chapter Three The Labour Party (MLP) won the general elections in June 1971 and immediately strove to execute the far reaching changes which had been advocated on while in opposition. Dom Mintoff as Prime Minister, who like his predecessor assumed the responsibility of the Foreign Ministry, had a new, wider vision of Maltas place in the world.  [36]  The main aspects of the Labour Governments foreign policy, even in its second and third terms, were influenced by Maltas domestic policy whereby the islands strategic position were exploited into attracting investment and trade activity, securing financial aid  [37]  and creating economic activity. Furthermore, the creation of a Mediterranean awareness in the spirit of cooperation for peace and progress leading to the withdrawal of foreign fleets  [38]  from the Mediterranean and the vision of a neutral Malta  [39]  was advocated. A further move by the Labour administration to break with the past was the proclamation of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.  [40]   In the United Nations, Malta started to disassociate itself from the Western European ad Other Group and sought closer links with the Group of 77 and the Non-Aligned Movement through membership in both groups. Mintoffs intransigency on the conviction for a demilitarized Mediterranean free from superpower influence  [41]  momentarily disrupted the 1975 Helsinki Conference on European Security and Cooperation. The Maltese Government had hoped to have four security guarantors, two from either bank of the Mediterranean, however the only Protocol for financial, economic and technical assistance was agreed to with Italy in 1980. This Protocol implicitly roped back Malta into the western hemisphere. Major changes were taking place in the Ministry, where a changing of the guard at the Headship had taken place with the appointment of Mr J. Rossignaud, a senior civil servant, to the post of Secretary. Due to the increase in personnel  [42]  , the need to identify appropriate premises became a priority. Palazzo Parisio which contains architectural style and rich features necessary to do credit to the Ministry of Foreign was chosen  [43]  and the move took place in October 1973. The Recruitment into the External Affairs Service was discontinued due to the lack of response  [44]  and in concurrence with the Governments policy to achieve greater flexibility in the Public Service by curtailing the variegation of grades. The Foreign Service Grades were subsequently absorbed into the General Service as of 1 February 1974.  [45]  Under this reorganisation, former Foreign Service officers were still liable to serve abroad according to the exigencies of the Service whilst General Service officers in the grades ranging from Clerk I to Head I, were required to undertake to serve the Ministry as and where required for a pre-determined period. As a consequence, a call for applications for Posting to Overseas Missions was issued on 17 August 1976, thereby completing the implementation of this re-organisation.  [46]  The recruitment of Diplomatic Officers at a later date supplemented the arrival of new blood in the Ministry. The prominence given to foreign policy-making by the Labour administration was further enhanced when, during the third legislation, the Prime Minister chose to appoint Dr Alex Sciberras Trigona as Foreign Minister.  [47]   The policies adopted between 1971 and 1987 were a radical recasting of the security cum economic arrangements that been moulded in Maltas colonial history.  [48]  Diplomacy, as a government activity then refers to not only a particular policy instrument but also the whole process of policymaking and implementation. Further Maltese representations were established in European capitals  [49]  in an effort to actuate the foreign policies of the day thereby obtaining valuable assistance for the actuation of domestic policies whilst also accentuating Maltas importance on the international scene. The extent of the islands diplomatic presence extended to the Gulf (Riyadh), Maghreb (Algiers), East Asia (Pyongyang), Middle East (Baghdad) and Eastern Europe (Moscow). During this same period, notwithstanding limited human and economic resources as recruitment into civil service had been temporarily interrupted, and also inadequate telecommunication infrastructure, the Foreign Ministry was instrumental in hosting a continuous stream of high-level foreign delegations with the conclusion of a substantial number of bilateral agreements resulting in beneficial assistance to Malta. No Secretary in place in 1987 Chapter Four The chief thrust of the foreign policy of the new Nationalist government on its return to power in May 1987 was a realignment with Europe  [50]  and the attainment of full membership of the then European Community.  [51]  The neutrality clause however, threatened to prove an obstacle in view of the Communitys objective of fuller integration even on a political level, as signalled in the Single European Act.  [52]  Nonetheless, when the Commission of the European Union issued its Opinion or Avis on Maltas application  [53]  and an Update Report in 1999  [54]  , it did suggest that a constitutional amendment might be necessary to clear the legal difficulties that neutrality might constitute, where Malta was to be admitted as a full member. The new administration also adopted a shift in voting patterns in the United Nations and detachment from NAM and the Group of 77. Dr Vincent (Censu) Tabone, assumed responsibility for the Foreign Ministry and endeavoured to undertake a complete re-organisation of the Ministry and its policies. The application for membership in the EU necessitated the establishment of the EU Directorate within the MFA  [55]  in 1990, which was entrusted with the task of reviewing the compatibility or otherwise of Maltese legislation with European law  [56]  and keeping government organisations informed of developments within the EU by offering advice and assistance. This necessitated the recruitment of professional officers (namely economists and lawyers) under the directorship of Dr Joe Borg.  [57]   Reform of the public service to transform the bureaucracy, improve governance and accountability was a priority for the Maltese Government and following the publication of the PSRC Report  [58]  , and specifically that Public Service responds efficiently to the changing needs for effective government  [59]   and the Operations Review of the structures and administrative facilities of government, major restructuring of the public service was initiated. The classification structure of the Public Service, which in 1990 had some 100 different salary scales, was replaced by a more simplified structure of just 20 scales and newly established professions and occupational groups gained status. A main objective of the Public Service Reform was the reorganisation of departments service-wide to avoid duplication of work and the Foreign Ministry, like all other governmental departments, underwent a major reform in its organisational set-up with the establishment of a Legal Affairs Sectio n, Protocol Section and the re-introduction of a Library  [60]  . The Passport Office which had since 1964 formed an integral part of the Foreign Ministry  [61]  was transferred to the MHASD in 1992. Further human resources were necessary in the light of the opening of strategically selected new missions in Beijing, Cairo, Tunis, Athens and Madrid.  [62]  But for foreign policy to be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively necessitated the re-establishing of an ad hoc diplomatic corps  [63]  , whereby the Ministry would have the service of a professional and specialised body of officials,  [64]  who will be required to fill all vacancies in overseas posts at the various grades from First Secretary to Ambassadorial level.  [65]  In 1992 approval was finally forthcoming from the PSC for recruitment of First Secretaries into the diplomatic service through public examination  

A Comparison of the Merits of using Software or Hardware Transactional Memory, against Traditional ‘Semaphore’ Locking

1. IntroductionTransactional memory is poised to take parallel programming a step higher by making it more efficient and much easier to achieve, compared to traditional ‘semaphore’ locking. This is because transactional memory is easier to handle when tasks are divided into several free threads, especially when these threads do not have common access to data. This implies that each section can operate on a processor core and that there is no connection between cores. It can be challenging when different task sections are not totally free – that is, several threads are forced to upgrade a singly shared value. The traditional approach to this utilizes locks and every time that a thread changes a shared value, it requires a lock. In this case, it is not possible for any other thread to receive the lock if another thread possesses it. Instead, the thread must wait until the thread that has the lock can change the shared value. This is likely to require a complex comp utation, and to take an extended amount of time before eventually releasing the lock (Bright, 2011). The release of the lock allows the waiting thread to continue. While this is an effective system, it faces several major challenges. A key issues concerns updates to the shared value that occurs occasionally; therefore, making it rare for a thread to wait at ‘no time’ – the state in which the lock based system can be efficient (Alexandrescu, 2004). Nonetheless, this efficiency commonly disappears every time updates to the shared value are made. Threads take too much time waiting for a lock to appear and are unable to provide any use when in this state.2.Lock vs. Lock Free Data StructuresWhile it may seem easy to handle a singly shared value, locks are difficult to use correctly and this is a challenge faced in real programs. For instance, a program with dual locks 1 and 2 is likely to encounter a problem called a ‘deadlock’. A deadlock is a case wher eby two threads require two locks and only have the option of acquiring lock 1 then 2, or 2 followed by 1. As long as each thread needs the lock in the same order this will not present any issues; however, if one thread needs lock 1 and the other requires lock 2 at the same time, this can cause a deadlock. In this situation, the first thread waits for lock 2 to become free and the second waits for 1 to be free. This exchange makes it difficult for both to succeed and results in a deadlock. This issue might appear to be preventable and only likely to occur when a program has dual locks; however, it can become a challenge to ensure each section performs the right function when this becomes more complex.3. Transactional MemoryIt can argued that transactional memory can solve the problem of lock conflicts. In this case of a deadlock, the programmers could mark the sections of their programs which change the shared data, so that each of the marked blocks is implemented within a transact ion. This means that either the whole block executes, or none of it does. The program can therefore identify the shared value without locking it. This allows for the program to conduct all the necessary operations and write back the value, eventually committing the transaction (Bright, 2011). The key transaction occurs with the commit operation in which transactional memory system ascertains that shared data has been changed after the commencement of an operation. If this is not identified then the commit updates, allowing the thread to go ahead with its function. In case the shared value has not been modified, the transaction stops and the function of the thread is rolled back (Detlefs et al., 2001). In this instance, the program retries the operation. It can be seen, therefore, transactional memory has several merits over traditional semaphore locking. For example, transactional memory is optimistic; this infers that the threads are positioned to succeed and do not look forward to acquiring a lock. This is in case the other thread makes an attempt to conduct a concurrent operation (Detlefs et al., 2001). In an instance of concurrent modifications occurs when a single thread is forced to retry its function. In addition to this, there are no deadlocks in transactional memory. Transactional memory is a programming approach that programmers are familiar with; the transaction and rollback process is not new to those who have handled relational databases because they offer a similar set of features. Nonetheless, blocks facilitate the ease of developing large programs that are correct (Alexandrescu, 2004). Blocks with nested atomic blocks will perform the correct function, although this is not true in the case of lock-based data structur es.4.Merits of the HardwareThere has been little attention given towards hardware compared to software-based implementations. It has also been noted that most real processors seldom support transactional memory and, therefore, modifications are necessary (Maged, 2004). However, there are systems that use virtual machines to undertake their primary function and in this regard there are changes for the .NET and Java virtual machines (Bright, 2011). In other cases, systems use native codes that require certain special operations to allow access to the shared data. This enables the transactional memory software to ascertain that the right operations have occurred in the background. Such implementations have the advantages of ensuring that the programs that are produced are bug-free (Detlefs et al., 2001). The data in cache contains a version tag whereas the cache itself can maintain many versions of the same data. The software sends a signal to the processor to commence a transaction and performs the necessary action. This then signals the processor to commit the work. If other threads have changed the data, resulting in many versions, the cache will refuse the transaction and the software will be forced to try again. Should other versions not be created, then the data is committed (Bright, 2011). This facility is also applicable for speculative execution. A thread can commence execution with data available, whereas speculatively conducting important work – instead of waiting for upgraded versions of all data needed – might mean waiting for additional cores to complete computation (Alexandrescu, 2004). If the data was upgraded, then the work that is committed provides a performance boost; the work had been completed before the delivery of the final value. Should the data turn out to be stale, then the speculative work is rejected and re-deployed with the correct value (Bright, 2011).5.Logical FunctionsA significant advantage that transactional memory has over traditional lock-based programs is that it support is an extension of a load-link or store conditional. Load-link is an undeveloped operation that can be implemented to build many types of thread-safe constructs (Maged, 2004). This comprises both mechanisms that are known, such as locks, and unconventional data structures, such as lists that can be changed by many threads at the same time without locking at all (Alexandrescu, 2004). The creation of software transactional memory is possible through the use of load-link or store conditional. Load-link or store conditional contains two sections: firstly, it utilizes load link to recover the value from memory where it can then conduct the functions it needs to perform on that value. When there is a need to write a new value to the memory, this utilizes store conditional (Detlefs et al., 2001). Store conditional can only succeed if the memory value has not been changed after the load link. In case the value has been changed, the program has to return to the beginning and start again. These systems are restrictive because they do not follow writes to each memory bytes, but to the whole cache lines. This highlights the fact that store conditional has the potential to fail without modification of monitored value (Bright, 2011). Bright (2011) explains that store conditional is also most likely to fail if a context switch happens between the load link and store conditional. Transactional memory is a version of an enforced link load and store conditional; each thread can perform load link on several different memory locations (Maged, 2004). In addition to this, the commit operation does store conditional. This impacts on multiple locations at the same time, with each store either succeeding or failing (Bright, 2011).6.ConclusionIn conclusion, a lock-free procedure is sure to sustain the progress of a thread executing a procedure. While some threads can be put on hold arbitrarily, one thread is certain to progress each move. The whole system can then make progress despite the fact that some threads might take longer than others. It can be seen, therefore, that the use of software or hardware transactional memory presents better ways of ensuring consistency of stored data when accessed and manipulated by several concurrent threads than traditional ‘semaphore’ locking. Consequently, lock-based programs fail to provide any of the above mentioned guarantees7.ReferencesAlexandrescu, A. (2004) Lock-Free Data Structures. Available at: http://www.drdob bs.com/lock-free-data-structures/184401865 [Accessed 12th March 2014]. Bright, P. (2011) IBM’s new transactional memory: make-or-break time for multithreaded revolution. Available at: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/08/ibms-new-transactional-memory-make-or-break-time-for-multithreaded-revolution/ [Accessed 12th March 2014]. Detlefs, D., Martin, P.A., Moir, M. & Steele, G.L., (2001) ‘The Twentieth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing’, in Lock-free Reference Counting, ACM Press: New York. Maged, M.M. (2004) ‘Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2004 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation’, in Scalable Lock-free Dynamic Memory Allocation, ACM Press: New York.

Mission Vision of Sturbock Cafe

Chic Boy Mission and Vision Statement Writing a mission statement for your business tells your colleagues, employees and customers what your business intends to do and how it will do it. The mission statement serves to describe the company in present terms and does this by describing measurable goals and objectives. A vision statement is very much like your mission statement except it outlines where the company would like to be in the future. The vision statement has more human value to it and describes how the company wishes to be perceived. These statements are simply that – statements.No need to get extremely elaborate, they should be succinct, interesting and smart. Mission Statement  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vision Statement Present tense  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Future tense Lists overall goals  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Describes how it sees itself in the future How the organization will get there  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lists where the organization wants to be Developing Your Mission & Vision Statement It’s helpful to answer these questions to guide you in developing your mission and vision statements.Mission Statement: 1. What does the company do today? 2. For whom does the company do it? 3. What is the benefit to the end user? Vision Statement: 1. What does the company want to do in the future? 2. When does the company want to do it by? 3. How does the company expect to do it? You should be able to turn these answers into a well-crafted mission and vision statement for your business. Here are some great examples of mission and vision statements: Boy Scouts of America Mission Statement The mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make thical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law. Vision Statement The Boy Scouts of America will prepare every eligible youth in America to become a responsible, participating citizen and leader who is guided by the Scout Oath and Law. Shell Mauritius Mission Statement To safely market and distribute energy and petrochemical products while offering innovative value added services. Vision Statement We make the difference through our people, a team of dedicated professionals, who value our customers, deliver on our promises and contribute to sustainable development.

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