Leadership Styles Developed By Sogeti With The Team Park...

The previous discussions focused on the leadership styles utilized by Sogeti with the Team Park implementation. The purpose of the platform was to foster collaboration and sharing of ideas across a global network. The program was intentionally designed to be fluid without a formal internal leadership structure other than having community owners to assure proper manners and maintain order within the community. However, there are two very important leadership concepts to be considered under this new paradigm. They are team leadership and culture. These concepts may have been realized by the Sogeti leaders; however, they were not specifically addressed in the article. First, despite the absence of a formal leadership structure within TeamPark, organized teams are destined to evolve de novo without external directive. Prior to the new platform, Sogeti had a project based model where groups functioned freely and independently. However, despite a global presence, the project groups were silos bound by an inability to share ideas, knowledge, and experiences across the global organization. With the new platform, the more vertical oriented management and leadership model becomes horizontal through interactions occurring across silos. (Desiser, 2013) Much of the social interaction may be between individuals seeking information and exchanging ideas; however, it is certain that organized virtual teams will arise around common objectives. For example, there could be one group withinShow MoreRelatedTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 PagesInvolvement was varied from truculant to compliant. Then there was the Vendor Issue! Two high profile companies were involved in the database platform and desktop/back room hardware. There were twelve functional workstream leads in the Programme team. There was a Programme PMO. One vendor had its own PMO, the shared service company had a PMO.There were two lots of consultant firms embedded in the PMO and Programme workstreams. There was a layer of executive Programme Managers. The programme

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay - 2690 Words

Introduction: In order to overcome behavioral problems such as anxiety, depression or fear, individuals usually communicate their problems or anxieties with their trusted friends or family members. In case of a somewhat complicated problem, a counselor is consulted. These are a relatively simple form of psychotherapies that individuals have been practicing from centuries. However, with the development of modern science and advancements in the field of psychology, theorists have identified some more effective approaches for psychoanalysis. The most noticeable work in this regard was done by Sigmund Freud who was the first to develop modern techniques for psychoanalysis. Despite of the fact that Freud’s approaches towards psychoanalysis†¦show more content†¦Buddhism as a religion demands its followers to bring considerable psychological changes in terms of their lifestyle, thinking patterns etc. The Noble Eightfold Path discussed above, demands a major psychological change in an indi vidual. It should be noted that this change is achievable through an individual’s own effort. Some of the main psychological aspects are clearly discussed in Buddhism including the concept of motivation, perception and cognition. Discussing the concept of motivation, Buddhism clearly defines the basic motivations behind human actions. It declares that the behavior of an unenlightened person is derived by driven by craving or desire. As discussed earlier, this craving or desire is supposed to be responsible for suffering in life. Buddhism classifies desires, craving or â€Å"tanha† in three different forms named as kama tanha (desire for sensory satisfaction), bhava tanha (desire for survival) and vibhava tanha (desire for extermination). (Davidson Harrington) In Buddhism, perception is believed to be based on twelve gateways, including the five senses, the mind or â€Å"inner sense† and the object of these six senses. The inner sense possesses the capability to mirror on the objects of the five senses. The amalgamation of each of the five senses and its objects resultShow MoreRelatedBehavioral Therapies : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1752 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the lens of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, an integrated mix of both cognitive and behavioral approaches is best suited the treatment of clients. All the approaches under Cognitive Behavioral Therapy require several different attributes. Some of them being; the need for a positive working relationship between client and therapist, the belief that distress is a cognitive process, treatment is a focus in changing cognitions to create positive change in mood or behavior. Changing irrationalRead MoreBehavioral Therapy And Cognitive Therapy869 Words   |  4 Pagespaper, I will compare and contrast Group Therapy and Cognitive therapy, more specifically, dialectical behavioral therapy, and the differences between assessment types that clinicians use to determine a diagnosis and therapy that would best benefit their client. In the second part of my paper, I will discuss and address different considerations in which a therapist should make in order to provide a safe and effectively therapeutic environment. Though therapy is a largely utilized form of mental healthRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy2168 Words   |  9 PagesBackground Developed in the mid 1960s by Aaron Beck, the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model theorizes that the interpretation of both external and internal events is biased, and can tap unhealthy underlying beliefs that potentially lead to emotional distress (Beck, 2005). Over the years CBT has accumulated an impressive track record in the treatment of a variety of mood disorders. In 1985, a review of 220 studies using CBT in the treatment of depression concluded that 91% supported the modelRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1447 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Djiedjorm Doe (Dede) Middlesex Community College Cognitive behavioral therapy, commonly known as CBT, is a systematic process by which we learn to change our negative thought into more positive ones. CBT is a combination of two types of therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. cognition is our thought, so cognitive behavioral therapy combines working with our thought process and changing our behavior at the same time. Cognitive behavioral therapistsRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1502 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy, in its most modern form, was developed in 1960 by Aaron T. Beck. However, CBT has an interesting history dating back to the 1920s in the United States and even earlier in other parts of the world. â€Å"Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructiveRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Narrative Therapy1706 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing on in his every day life. The two that we have chosen are Cognitive-behavioral therapy and Narrative therapy. We will look into both of these and also as we do that we will find out what the role of the social worker is in both cases. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help you notice the discouraging thoughts that make you feel bad. These thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. Using Cognitive-behavioral therapy you can learn to stop these thoughts and replace them with helpfulRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Narrative Therapy1706 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing on in his every day life. The two that we have chosen are Cognitive-behavioral therapy and Narrative therapy. We will look into both of these and also as we do that we will find out what the role of the social worker is in both cases. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help you notice the discouraging thoughts that make you feel bad. These thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. Using Cognitive-behavioral therapy you can learn to stop these thoughts and replace them with helpfulRead MoreCognitive Behavioral And Behavioral Family Therapy2903 Words   |  12 Pages Week 11 Assignment: Signature Assignment: Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy Rayon L. Walton Nortcentral University One of the most effective components of MFT is Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy (CBFT). CBFT incorporates cognitive processes that affect behavior and applies it to the therapeutic process of clients. The foundational principles of CBFT stem from behavioral concepts that were impacted by issues that affected clients such as phobias, anxiety and parenting deficiencies;Read MoreCognitive Therapies And Behavioral Therapy982 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive behavioral therapy, on the contrary, utilizes directive consulting tools to control and guide its patients. These include such things as asking questions, interpreting, and providing direction to a client’s attention and emotions. â€Å"Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, an approach that focuses on recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs into more realistic and constructive thoughts and beliefs† (Erford, 2014). It is believed that cognitive behavioral therapyRead MoreCognitive Psycholo gy : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1700 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a school of psychotherapy that intends to assist individuals with conquering their emotional issues. A focal idea in CBT is that you feel the way you think. Therefore, CBT focuses on the fact that you can live all the more cheerfully and effectively in you begin thinking with a better mindset. CBT urges you to comprehend that you re thought process or beliefs lie between the occasion and your definitive sentiments and activities. The

Body Piercing and Management Free Essays

Of the many growing trends, body piercing has become very popular. With this practice becoming more popular everyday, many people are frightened away because of sanitary and health reasons. To most peoples surprise the business of body piercing is a safe and clean procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Piercing and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body piercing is a form of self-expression, such as tattoos and hair styles. Piercing are more widely accepted among business today than a couple years ago. Even-though they are becoming more acceptable in society today there is still a misconception of the safety, sterility, and health issues involved. Many people fear the sterility of the piercing process, ergo they don’t get the piercing. In actuality piercing is very safe. The piercer has to follow many steps in ensuring the safety of the piercer and the patient. After filling out the proper paperwork, the patient has to decide of the location of the piercing. There are many spots over the human body where one can get pierced. Some of the common spots to get pierced are: the inner and outer ear, the nose, the bridge of you nose, the cheek, lips, tongue, eyebrows, nipples, naval, and the genitalia. If one was to get their tongue pierced, the piercer must decide whether or not it is piercable. If the tongue has a large under-webbing it cannot be pierced. Once the tongue is deemed piercable, the piercer sterilizes all of his equipment. A common set-up for a piercing is as follows: two pairs of surgical gloves, many gauze, a needle, cork, rubber-band, surgical clamp, toothpick, and the jewelry. All of these are placed in a metal cartridge and placed inside a sterilizing machine. The machine heats and compresses distilled water and then blows steam into the cartage sterilizing everything inside. During this time the patient is instructed on the procedure and washing his mouth with bioclean. Bioclean is antibacterial mouth cleaner that destroys 99% of all mouth bacteria. During this time the piercer scrubs his hands with an antibacterial soap, and places one pair of gloves on. The patient sticks out his tongue and the piercer makes a horizontal and vertical make on the tongue if a mild antiseptic dye. The clamps are placed on the top and direct bottom of the tongue and double checked, to ensure that the needle will not pierce a vein. At this time the piercer discards his current pair of gloves and dons the second. He then places the needle on the tongue and pushes it through. Once the needle has passed through, he then places a cork on the end so no one is harmed. The needle is push the rest of the way through with the jewelry. The needle and cork are placed in a sealed biohazard container to await proper disposal. The clamp is removed and placed in an antibacterial solution. The other half is then screwed on and the piercing is over. All the gausses and swabs with no blood are placed in the trash, and any items with blood on them are placed in a biohazard bag. At this time the piercer informs the patient on the proper care and maintenance of the piercing. In an interview with Richard, a piercer at Factor V in Charleston, SC, he states that the most unsanitary and dangerous time for a piercing is seven days afterward. â€Å"People don’t follow directions and end-up with an infection. Most piercers pass out a pamphlet with the proper care directions on it. The piercing process is safe when done by a professional. The customer is responsible for the piercing once the piercing process is over. The procedure is so safe that one doesn’t even lose taste due to the piercing. Some swelling may occur and pain in very minimal because no nerves were hit. Piercing can be a healthy and fun way express oneself, when done in a clean and experienced environment. But one has to make sure that proper care is given to the piercing. How to cite Body Piercing and Management, Essay examples

Body Piercing and Management Free Essays

Of the many growing trends, body piercing has become very popular. With this practice becoming more popular everyday, many people are frightened away because of sanitary and health reasons. To most peoples surprise the business of body piercing is a safe and clean procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Piercing and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body piercing is a form of self-expression, such as tattoos and hair styles. Piercing are more widely accepted among business today than a couple years ago. Even-though they are becoming more acceptable in society today there is still a misconception of the safety, sterility, and health issues involved. Many people fear the sterility of the piercing process, ergo they don’t get the piercing. In actuality piercing is very safe. The piercer has to follow many steps in ensuring the safety of the piercer and the patient. After filling out the proper paperwork, the patient has to decide of the location of the piercing. There are many spots over the human body where one can get pierced. Some of the common spots to get pierced are: the inner and outer ear, the nose, the bridge of you nose, the cheek, lips, tongue, eyebrows, nipples, naval, and the genitalia. If one was to get their tongue pierced, the piercer must decide whether or not it is piercable. If the tongue has a large under-webbing it cannot be pierced. Once the tongue is deemed piercable, the piercer sterilizes all of his equipment. A common set-up for a piercing is as follows: two pairs of surgical gloves, many gauze, a needle, cork, rubber-band, surgical clamp, toothpick, and the jewelry. All of these are placed in a metal cartridge and placed inside a sterilizing machine. The machine heats and compresses distilled water and then blows steam into the cartage sterilizing everything inside. During this time the patient is instructed on the procedure and washing his mouth with bioclean. Bioclean is antibacterial mouth cleaner that destroys 99% of all mouth bacteria. During this time the piercer scrubs his hands with an antibacterial soap, and places one pair of gloves on. The patient sticks out his tongue and the piercer makes a horizontal and vertical make on the tongue if a mild antiseptic dye. The clamps are placed on the top and direct bottom of the tongue and double checked, to ensure that the needle will not pierce a vein. At this time the piercer discards his current pair of gloves and dons the second. He then places the needle on the tongue and pushes it through. Once the needle has passed through, he then places a cork on the end so no one is harmed. The needle is push the rest of the way through with the jewelry. The needle and cork are placed in a sealed biohazard container to await proper disposal. The clamp is removed and placed in an antibacterial solution. The other half is then screwed on and the piercing is over. All the gausses and swabs with no blood are placed in the trash, and any items with blood on them are placed in a biohazard bag. At this time the piercer informs the patient on the proper care and maintenance of the piercing. In an interview with Richard, a piercer at Factor V in Charleston, SC, he states that the most unsanitary and dangerous time for a piercing is seven days afterward. â€Å"People don’t follow directions and end-up with an infection. Most piercers pass out a pamphlet with the proper care directions on it. The piercing process is safe when done by a professional. The customer is responsible for the piercing once the piercing process is over. The procedure is so safe that one doesn’t even lose taste due to the piercing. Some swelling may occur and pain in very minimal because no nerves were hit. Piercing can be a healthy and fun way express oneself, when done in a clean and experienced environment. But one has to make sure that proper care is given to the piercing. How to cite Body Piercing and Management, Essay examples

Are Faces Special free essay sample

Critically evaluate the evidence that we have evolved a specialised neural network dedicated to processing faces. Brian Marron, 11461992, SF TSM. INTRODUCTION Processing faces is extremely important to humans as social beings. We are able to put and identity on thousands of faces (Gazzaniga, 2002) with ease, something we might take for granted. The value of this ability can be better understood when the world is viewed through the eyes of somebody with prosopagnosia, the inability to recognise faces. The following quotation from David Fine, a prosopagnosic describing the difficulty associated with the disorder. â€Å"I often fail to recognise my children or even my wife †¦ I have failed to acknowledge friends and, more distressingly, those in authority. At school I would get lines for not raising my cap to a teacher. As a young man I ignored girls whom I had met the night before – not a good mating strategy. I find networking all but impossible, and social situations †¦ may cause acute anxiety. † (Fine, J. R. 2011 pp 455) Face processing is something that almost all of us can do yet exactly how we process faces is not yet known. In this essay I will examine one of the most heatedly debated topics of face processing: Are faces special? That is to say, are faces processed in a special way compared to non-face stimuli and have humans evolved a specialised neural network to achieve this? The two sides of the argument have been debated for a long time and there is still no clear answer. (Hole Byrne, 2010) Research from both sides will be critically evaluated. Initially, evidence from psychological studies will be explored in an attempt to address whether faces are processed in the same way as non-face stimuli. After that the question of whether humans have evolved a specialised network dedicated to processing faces will be considered, drawing on evidence from studies of brain damage and neuroimaging. If faces and only were processed in a different way to non-face stimuli, it would greatly support the argument that faces are special. Yin carried out a very influential experiment in 1969. He presented participants with photos of faces, stickmen drawings, planes and houses. The task involved participants recognizing the stimuli presented inverted or â€Å"right-way-up†. Yin found that inversion decreased people’s ability to recognise all categories of stimulus. However, inversion impeded performance by 3 times as much for faces compared with other non-face stimuli. Yin also collected oral feedback. The results and feedback suggested that faces and non-face stimuli were processed differently. After many more very influential studies, such as the Thatcher Illusion (Thompson, 1980), the Composite Face Effect (Young et al. 1987), blurring facial features (Collinshaw and Hole, 2000) and many more, it was concluded that faces were processed in a different way to non-face stimuli. Specifically, faces are processed holistically with a dependence on configural information whereas non-face stimuli are processed using featural information in a peicemental way. It was concluded that because faces were processed differently they are special. Diamond and Carey disagreed (1986) that face and non-face stimuli were processed differently faces were special. They put forward the expertise hypothesis in a much cited paper in 1986. They said the Face Inversion Effect found by Yin was not a result of using different sources of information (configural and featural) but that it was a result of expertise with faces. They based their assertions on evidence from their experiment with dog experts. Dog experts and non-experts were given a similar inversion test to Yin’s, with photos of dogs as well as faces (1969). Again they were asked to recognise the dogs and human faces while upright or inverted. Understandably, Yin’s Inversion Effect was found for faces. Interestingly, the dog experts showed a similar inversion effect for dogs while the non-experts did not. It seemed the experts processed faces and dogs in a similar way. Diamond and Carey argued that if one is expert in any group of homogeneous stimuli whose members all share features, then one begins to use configural information to improve discrimination of its exemplars. They also said that to allow for this better discrimination, the stimulus must be presented upright. People demonstrate the Face Inversion Effect because they are expert at processing faces. And so, Diamond and Carey asserted faces are not special, merely exemplars of a homogenous group of stimuli of which people tend to be expert. Greebles were created by Gauthier and Tarr (1997) from a need to control for expertise in experiments. Greebles are a group of homogeneous stimuli that do not resemble faces but do have several properties of faces like symmetry and the same number of features. They conducted experiments to see how dependence on configural information increased with expertise. They agreed with Diamond and Carey that faces are not intrinsically special but that humans are particularly expert at processing faces and so rely more on configural information to discriminate b etween one person and another. However, Gauthier Tarr and Diamond Carey’s methodologies have come under much criticism especially from Robbins and McKone. Robbins and McKone argue that they have found major flaws in the expert hypothesis. The differing views of these psychologists are outlined in fiery academic exchanges (Robbins McKone 2007), (McKone Robbins, 2007), (Gauthier Baukach, 2007). As a consequence, there is no absolute answer to the question: Are faces special? The next line of evidence is brain damage. The logic is this: if a brain region is damaged and face processing is hindered with all other non-face processing remaining unhindered, then surely that is strong evidence for a specialised neural network dedicated to processing faces only. Hole Byrne, 2010) i. e. A double-dissociation must be shown between face and non-face stimuli. Prosopagnosia patients are the most promising hopes for meeting those criteria just outlined (Gazzaniga, 2002). It is seldom that a prosopagnosia patient does not show impairments to non-face-stimulus processing abilities. This is thought to be because traumatic brain injuries resulting in prosopagnosia are usually wide-ranging (Farah et al, 1995). However, there are some cases of ‘pure’ prosopagnosia who have no non-face processing impairments (Wada Yamatoto, 2001). For the evidence to be valid, they must make within-class discriminations to make the test comparable with face processing tests. This within-class double dissociation has been found in many object classes like cars (Rossion et al, 2003), glasses (Farah et al, 1995) fruit (Riddoch et al, 2008) and more. There is even evidence for a double dissociation between human and animal face-processing. There is the case of a sheep farmer, WJ (McNeil Warrington, 1993). WJ suffered from prosopagnosia yet he was able to identify his sheep. Another case of a prosopagnosic farmer being able to identify his animals was reported by Bruyer et al. 1983). The double dissociation is made whole by a farmer who could process faces but could sadly no longer identify his cattle. The evidence to show faces are indeed special is compelling. However, there is an alternative explanation of the findings provided by the expert hypothesis. According to that hypothesis, in order to recognise faces we must make deli cate within-class decisions on the second-order relations between facial features. Supporters of the hypothesis argue that prosopagnosia is not the injury of the ‘face’ area but injury to the region responsible for making delicate within-class decisions. When asked why faces are selectively impaired, it is argued that it only appears that way because brains depend on that mode of processing to a great extent for faces (Hole Byrne, 2010). Consequently, there is still no definite answer to the question of whether faces are special. The most modern evidence comes from neuroimaging. The N170 ERP was instrumental in highlighting brain activation when viewing face stimuli. The activation patterns helped to locate the fusiform face area (FFA) because N170 was so distinct to faces. In this essay the fMRI research into the FFA will be explored in detail. To prove faces are special, the research aimed to find a correlation between distinct face-processing brain activity and a specific brain region. The FFA was discovered in 1997 by Kanwisher. It was first described as a brain region which only responded to faces. In fact, activation was found for cat faces and cartoon faces (Tong et al, 2000). There was also some very low level activation to animals, houses and objects. Interestingly, FFA activation was recorded in response to Mooney faces, (Kanwisher, 1998) and to the vase-face illusion. When participants reported perceiving a vase there was no FFA activation. Activation only occurred when perceived as 2 faces looking at each other. This finding was very meaningful as in both vase-face scenarios the stimulus was the same. The only thing change was the perception (Andrews et al, 2002). It supports the assertion that faces are special and humans have evolved a special neural network dedicated to processing faces. The expertise hypothesis does not accept those findings. Supporters argue that the FFA is for detecting subtle differences in stimuli (Gauthier et, al, 1999). Evidence for this can be found in Gauthier’s experiment with bird watchers (2000). FFA activation was found to be higher in experts than non-experts. Further evidence in support of the expertise hypothesis is that FFA activation is usually higher for one’s own race (Golby et al, 2001). This is significant because the expertise hypothesis is the major explanation for own-race bias (Hole Byrne, 2010). Additionally, Greeble experiments were carried out. It was found that non-experts had no FFA activation while FFAs of experts fired (Gauthier et, al, 1999). Although these findings do support the expertise hypothesis, some criticisms have been made. For example, studies have not found FFA activation for object stimuli with which the participant was expert (Grill-Spector et al. , 2004) and others have found low and insignificant activation (Moore et al. , 2006). Hence, it is still unknown whether the FFA evolved as specialised neural network dedicated to processing faces. FFA activation to Greebles has come under scrutiny. It has been suggested that the FFA does not fire, because the FFA is specialised for detecting subtle difference in faces and objects as the face hypothesis states. Instead, FFA activates because Greebles are body or animal like (Kanwisher Yovel, 2006) even though they were created to not be animal like. Also, there is a chance that the perceived activation of the FFA is actually an activation of the fusiform body area (Peelen Downing, 2005). Potentially, misrecordings have been taken and fusiform gyrus activation elsewhere on the gyrus has been attributed to the face area (Kanwiser Yovel, 2006). In the future, improved resolution might rectify this. Further to the argument of faces being special, Mc Kone et al. hightlight that the FFA is constant with the location of prosopagnosia lesions (2007). This evidence is strengthened by the finding that some prosopagnosia patients have shown no FFA activation when viewing faces (Kanwisher et al, 1999). Conversely, Steeves’ patient DF showed normal FFA activation despite suffering prosopagnosia (2006). Perhaps evidence from DF suggests that the FFA is important in face but as part as a network. And so there is very strong evidence from neuroimaging to say that faces are special and that there is a specialised neural network. However, supporters of the expertise hypothesis still disagree. In this essay the question of whether faces are special was examined. Psychological studies show that faces are processed in a different way to non-face stimuli. Specifically, faces are processed using configural information whereas objects are processed using featural information. Supporters of the expertise hypothesis argue that this is because of humans’ expertise in making subtle discrimination between faces as a homogeneous class of stimulus. Then the double dissociation between face and object processing in prosopagnosia patients was cited as evidence that humans have developed a specialised neural network for face processing. Again, proponents of the expertise arguments disagree asserting that prosopagnosia is a result of damage to a region of the brain for making subtle discriminations rather than a special face area. Finally, neuroimaging evidence was evaluated and once again, expertise supporters argued against the FFA being a special brain region. As a result of this evidence, I think it can be concluded that nobody knows whether faces are special or if humans have a specialized neural network. The sometimes heated exchanges will probably continue long into the future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews, T. J. Schluppeck, D. , Humfray, D. et al. (2002). Activity in the fusiform gyrus predicts conscious perception of Rubin’s Vase-face illusion. Neuroimage, 17, 890-901. Bruyer, R, Laterre, C. , Seron, X. et al. (1983). A case of prosopagnosia with some preserved covert remembrance of familiar faces. Brian and Cognition, 2(3), 257-284 Collinshaw, S. M. Hole, G. J. (2000). Featural and configurational processe s in the recognition of faces of different familiarity. Perception, 29, 893-909. Diamond, R. Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are nt special: an effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115(2), 107-117. Farah, M. J. , Wilson, K. d. , Drain, H. M. , et al. (1995). The inverted face inversion effect in prosopagnosia – evidence for mandatory, face-specific perceptual mechanism. Vision Research, 35(14), 2089-2093. Fine, J. R, (2001). We need a simple test for prosopagnosia. BMJ, 342, 1736 pp. 455 Gauthier, I. Bukach, C. (2007). Should we reject the expertise hypothesis? Cognition, 103(2), 322-330. Gauthier, I. Tarr, M. J. (1997). Becoming a ‘greeble’ expert: exploring mechnisms for face recognition. Vision research, 37(12), 1673-1982 Gauthier, I. , Klaiman, C. Schult, R. T. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 2(2), 191-197. Gauthier, I. Tarr, M. J. , Anderson, A. W. , et al. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform face area increases with expertise in recognising novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 568-273. London, Norton Company Gazzaniga, M. S. , Ivry, R. B. Mangun, G. R. , (2002). Cognitive Neuroscience, the Biology of Mind. Golby, A. J. , Gabrieli, J. D. E. , Chiao, J, Y. , et al. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nature Neuroscience, 4(8), 845-850. Grill-Spector, K. , Nouf, N. Kanwisher, N. (2004). The fusiform face area subverves face perception, not generic within-category identification. Nature Neuroscience, 7(5), 555-562. Hole, G. , Bourne, V. (2010). Face Processing: Psychological, neuropsychological, and applied perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kanwisher, N. , McDermott, J. Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal Of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302-4311. Kanwisher, N. , tong, F. Nakayama, K. (1998). The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area. Cognition, 68(1) B1-B11. Kanwisher, N. Yovel, G. (2006). The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 361(1476), 2109-2128. Kanwisher, N. , Stanley, D. Harris, A. (1999). The fusiform face area is selective for faces not animals. Neuroreport, 10(1), 183-187. McKone, E. Robbins, R. (2007. The evidence rejects the expertise hypothesis: reply to Gauthier Blukach. Cognition, 103(2), 331-336. McNeil, Jane E. Warrington, Elizabeth K. (1993). Prosopagnosia: A face-specific disorder. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 46A(1), 1-10. Moore, C. D. , Cohen, M. X. Rathanath, C. (2006). Neural mechanisms of expert skills in visual working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(43), 11187-11196 Peelen, M. V. Dowling, P. E. (2005). Selectivity for the human body in the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neuropsychology, 93, (1), 603-608. Riddoch, M. Jane Johnston, Robert A. Bracewell, R. Martyn Boutsen, Luc Humphreys, Glyn W. (2008). Are faces special: a case o pure prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(1), 3-26 Robbines, R. McKone, E. 2007). No face-like processing for objects-of-expertise in three behavioural tasks. Cognition, 103(1), 34-79. Rossion, B. , Celdara, R. , Seghier, M. et al. (2003). Anetwork of occipito-temporal face-sensitive areas besides the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing. Brain, 126, 2381-2395. Steeves, P. , Dricot, J. , Goltz, L. Sorger, H. C. , et al. (1999). Abnormal face identity coding in the middle fusiform gyrus of two brain-damaged prosopagnosic patients. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2584-2592. Thompson, P. (1980). Margaret Thatcher: a new illusion. Perception, 9, 483-484. Tong, F. , Nakayama, K. , Moscovitch, M. , et al. (2000). Response properties of human fusiform face area. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17(1-3), 257-279. Wada, y. Yamamoto, T. (2001). Selective impairment of facial recognition due to a haematoma restricted to the right fusiform and lateral occipital region. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 71(2), 254-257. Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81 (1), 141-145. Young, A. W. , Hellawell, D. Hay, D. C. (1987). Configuration information in face perception. Perception, 16, 737-759.